Red-footed+Tortoise

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// Geochelone carbonaria //

Order: Testudines


 * __Husbandry Information__ **

Housing Requirements

 * Natural substrates such as wood chips, or soil should be used. It should be a few inches deep to allow for digging.

Diet Requirements

 * In the wild, red-footed tortoises eat hibiscus flowers and leaves, papaya, bougainvillea, cactus, aloe vera, and many other naturally occurring Caribbean plans.
 * In captivity, they are fed omnivore salad.
 * Coprophagy (feeding on its own or another species' feces) is not uncommon. Neither is feeding on carrion.

Notes on Enrichment & Training

 * Spreading mixed greens throughout the tortoise enclosure encourages natural foraging behavior.
 * Some individuals may enjoy misting, but be sure to to watch the behavior to see if they are enjoying it or not.
 * Another nice enrichment which is also pleasant to do in public with visitors around is allowing the tortoise to forage on a grassy area for clover and dandelions
 * Denver Aquarium has trained them to do A-B's on stage for fruit and cat food reinforcement. Also targets with a tap on the shell bridge.

=__Programmatic Information__=

Tips on Presentation

 * Can be difficult to transport and present, due to a messy/wiggly nature

Tips on Handling

 * Some individuals may go to the bathroom while handling them. Because of this it is always a good idea to let the tortoise walk around while presenting.
 * For indoor programs be sure to keep the tortoise on a covered area (newspaper or drop cloth). This helps spread bacteria the animal might be carrying.
 * For outdoor programs a "kiddie" pool works great as a containment area for the tortoise.

Potential Messaging

 * One of the best ways for people to help the rainforest is to reduce their use of tropical woods. Many rainforest trees are felled each year for lumber, furniture, and other products that end up in countries all over the world. Much of tropical wood imported into the United States comes from South America, particularly the Amazon Rainforest. Flooring, musical instruments, picture frames and other products made of rosewood should be particularly avoided to slow deforestation on Madagascar and to avoid the extinction of endangered or vulnerable rosewood tree species from forests all around the equator. Ask guests to consider used or vintage furniture or new furniture made of wood that has been reclaimed from old structures. There are many alternatives to conventional lumber including flooring and other products made from fast-growing bamboo, and decking made of recycled plastic formed to look like wooden boards. [][][]
 * One of the best ways for people to help the rainforest is to reduce their use of paper. Many rainforest trees are felled each year for paper that ends up in countries all over the world. Much of the tropical paper pulp products that end up in the United States come from South America, particularly the Amazon Rainforest. Please ask guests to go paperless in the office whenever possible, to print on both sides, to recycle any paper or cardboard they do use, and to purchase products made from recycled paper. At home, they can substitute re-usable cloth towels for disposable paper towels and cleaning wipes and purchase toilet paper made from recycled material rather than super-plush toilet paper which is made from old-growth forests. [][]
 * In general, animals seen at the zoo do not make good pets. Most have specialized dietary, veterinary, housing, and social needs that are difficult or impossible for even dedicated pet owners to meet. Always ensure that your future pet has not been taken from the wild. Capture of wild animals for the pet trade has significantly damaged the survival prospects of species such as sloths, tamanduas, and many parrots. Captured animals are typically mistreated by profit-motivated traffickers and dealers, resulting in many animal deaths; well-meaning animal lovers may feel like they are rescuing animals by purchasing them but are really perpetuating the cruelty. In addition, many exotic pets are released by their owners when they become too dangerous or demanding, often with devastating effects on local ecosystems. Animals that should never be kept as pets include all bats, primates, and exotic carnivores. Birds, fish, and reptiles have specialized needs, are frequently wild-caught, and damage the local environment if released; guests should be advised to educate themselves and proceed with caution. Domestic dogs and cats are almost always the best option! Many deserving animals are available for adoption at animal shelters. [] []

=__Acquisition Information__=

=__Comments from the Rating System__=
 * Seneca Park Zoo: Does not get too big and is very easy to handle.
 * Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park: Messy to transport, wiggly
 * Henry Vilas Zoo: Super friendly; great to teach reptilian attributes and ecosystem roles; people love this species because they can touch it and it is a good size for large groups to see. (The same goes for yellow-footed tortoises.)

=__Natural History Information__=

Range and Habitat
This tortoise is native to central and northern South America, from Panama to northern Argentina, and on several Caribbean islands. Preferred habitats include drier forest areas, grasslands, savannas, or rainforest belts adjoining more open habitats.

Physical Description
Their dark shells have yellow markings in the center of each scute. There are large red scales on the forelimbs, and yellow scales on the head. Males have a concave plastron (bottom shell) and have a lower, flatter, and more pronounced hourglass shape to their carapaces (top shells) than do the females. Males also have longer, thicker tails. The largest red-footed tortoise on record is 17.75 inches long. Average length, however, is 13.25 for males and 11.25 for females. They generally weigh 12 to 25 pounds.

Life Cycle
In the wild, breeding begins with the onset of the raining season, although tortoises in captivity will court each other and mate year-round. Perhaps the most unusual thing about their courtship is that the male makes a clucking sound during courtship and mating. The clucks sound amazingly like a hen. After breeding, females will lay 5 to 15 eggs between July and September. They generally make their nest by burying the eggs in the ground or by covering the eggs with leaves. Nest excavation, egg laying, and re-covering the nest may take as long as 3 to 4 hours. Eggs are oblong, about 2" by 1.5", and have brittle shells. Incubation generally lasts for 105 to 202 days (with a mean of 150 days), but could be as long as a full year. Newly hatched hatchlings are round and flat, and are about 1.5" in diameter. Average lifespan is up to 70 years.

Behavior
Red-footed tortoises generally roam during the early morning and evening, when it is cooling, and during the rainy season. During the middle of the day, they will generally seek shade to escape the heat of the midday heat.

Threats and Conservation Status
Depending on their size, they can be eaten by just about any predator in their region when they re smaller. As they become larger, predators decrease until they only include humans and wile feline species. Red-footed tortoises are protected under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that this species may not be exported from its home country without a permit. Appendix II animals are not classified as threatened with extinction (i.e., endangered) but are considered sensitive to this danger if international trade is left unregulated. Although protection under CITES has some positive effects on the survive of this species, CITES regulations cannot protect the red-footed tortoise where it is most in danger, within the boundaries of its home countries. In every country in its range, the biggest threat to the survive of red-footed tortoises is overhunting by humans. Red-footed tortoises are hunted extensively in their countries of origin for food. Interestingly, tortoises are considered "fish" by the Catholic church and during holy week, red-foots are consumed in huge numbers. Red-foots are collected in large numbers and shipped to many different South American cities to be sold as a delicacy. The fact that red-foots can tolerate long periods of time without food or water, an otherwise evolutionary advantage, makes this species both easy and profitable to transport. Other threats include habitat loss and disturbance.

=__Did you know…__=
 * The red-footed tortoise is highly prized for its meat and harvested in some areas on the Caribbean.
 * It is believed that pre-Columbian Indians brought this tortoise with them as a food source as they initially explored the islands.

=__Photographs__=

=__Contributors and Citations__=
 * The Philadelphia Zoo
 * Notes from comments gathered from completed PARIS rating sheets
 * Houston Zoo, Natural Encounters